2022-06-08
傳統的(de)機械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)都(dou)是(shi)用手(shou)工(gong)(gong)操(cao)作(zuo)普通(tong)機床(chuang)作(zuo)業的(de)，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)時用手(shou)搖(yao)動機械刀(dao)具(ju)切削金屬，靠眼睛用卡尺等工(gong)(gong)具(ju)測(ce)量(liang)產(chan)品的(de)精度的(de)。現代工(gong)(gong)業早已使用電腦控(kong)制的(de)機床(chuang)進行(xing)作(zuo)業了，數控(kong)機床(chuang)可以按照技術(shu)(shu)人(ren)員事先編(bian)好(hao)的(de)程序自動對任何產(chan)品和零(ling)部(bu)件直接進行(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)了。這就(jiu)是(shi)我們說的(de)"數控(kong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)"。數控(kong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)廣泛應用在所有(you)機械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)任何領域(yu)，更是(shi)模具(ju)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢和重要和必要的(de)技術(shu)(shu)手(shou)段(duan)。 什么是(shi)數控(kong)技術(shu)(shu)?
計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)字化控(kong)制(zhi)，簡(jian)稱數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(Numerical Control)。它是(shi)利(li)用數(shu)(shu)字化的(de)信(xin)息對(dui)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)運動(dong)(dong)及加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程進(jin)行控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)一種方法。用數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技術實施加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，或(huo)者(zhe)說(shuo)裝備了(le)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)稱為數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(NC)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)包(bao)括:、可編程控(kong)制(zhi)器、主軸及進(jin)給裝置等部分.數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)是(shi)機(ji)(ji)、電、液、氣、光高度一體化的(de)產品。要實現(xian)對(dui)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，需要用幾何信(xin)息描述刀(dao)具和(he)工(gong)(gong)件間的(de)相(xiang)對(dui)運動(dong)(dong)以及用工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)信(xin)息來(lai)描述機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)必須具備的(de)一些工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)參數(shu)(shu)。例如(ru):進(jin)給速(su)度、主軸轉(zhuan)速(su)、主軸正反轉(zhuan)、換刀(dao)、冷卻液的(de)開關等。這些信(xin)息按一定的(de)格式(shi)(shi)形成加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)文件(即正常說(shuo)的(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程序)存放在信(xin)息載體上(如(ru)、、等)，然后(hou)由(you)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)上的(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)讀入(ru)(或(huo)直接通過(guo)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)鍵盤輸入(ru)，或(huo)通過(guo)通信(xin)方式(shi)(shi)輸入(ru))，通過(guo)對(dui)其(qi)譯碼，從而使機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)動(dong)(dong)作和(he)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)零件.現(xian)代數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)是(shi)機(ji)(ji)電一體化的(de)典型產品,是(shi)新(xin)一代生產技術、計算(suan)機(ji)(ji)集成制(zhi)造系統(tong)(tong)等的(de)技術基(ji)礎。
現代(dai)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)速化(hua)、高(gao)精度化(hua)、高(gao)可靠性、多功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、復合(he)化(hua)、智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)開(kai)放式結(jie)構(gou)。主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)動(dong)(dong)向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)研制開(kai)發(fa)軟、硬件(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)開(kai)放式結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)全(quan)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)通用(yong)。數(shu)控(kong)技(ji)術是(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，是(shi)(shi)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)技(ji)術，其水平(ping)高(gao)低關系(xi)到國(guo)家戰略地(di)位(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)體現國(guo)家綜合(he)實力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping). 它隨(sui)著(zhu)信息技(ji)術、微電子(zi)技(ji)術、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)技(ji)術和(he)(he)(he)檢測(ce)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)而發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。數(shu)控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)有(you)刀(dao)庫并能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)更換刀(dao)具(ju)，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內進行(xing)多種(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)。在(zai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)上加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi):被加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零件(jian)(jian)經過(guo)一(yi)次裝夾后，數(shu)控(kong)系(xi)統能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)控(kong)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)按不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序自(zi)動(dong)(dong)選擇(ze)和(he)(he)(he)更換刀(dao)具(ju);自(zi)動(dong)(dong)改變(bian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)主(zhu)軸(zhou)轉(zhuan)速、進給量和(he)(he)(he)刀(dao)具(ju)相對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)軌跡及其它輔(fu)助功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，連續(xu)地(di)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)各加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面(mian)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)地(di)進行(xing)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、锪孔(kong)、鉸(jiao)孔(kong)、鏜孔(kong)、攻螺(luo)紋、銑(xian)削等多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由于加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集中地(di)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)地(di)完(wan)成(cheng)多種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序，避免了(le)人為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作誤差、減少了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)裝夾、測(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調整(zheng)時間及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)周轉(zhuan)、搬運和(he)(he)(he)存(cun)放時間，大(da)大(da)提高(gao)了(le)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率和(he)(he)(he)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度，所以(yi)具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)按主(zhu)軸(zhou)在(zai)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置可分為立式加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)與臥(wo)式加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)。
數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)(ji)術及裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)是發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新興和(he)尖端工業的(de)(de)使(shi)能(neng)技(ji)(ji)術和(he)最(zui)基本(ben)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)。世界各(ge)國(guo)信息產業、生物(wu)產業、航(hang)空(kong)、航(hang)天等國(guo)防(fang)工業廣泛采(cai)用(yong)數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)(ji)術，以提(ti)(ti)高制(zhi)造能(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)水平(ping)，提(ti)(ti)高對(dui)(dui)市場(chang)的(de)(de)適(shi)應能(neng)力(li)(li)和(he)競爭(zheng)能(neng)力(li)(li)。工業發(fa)達國(guo)家(jia)還將數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)(ji)術及數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)列為國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)戰略物(wu)資，不僅大力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)自己的(de)(de)數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)(ji)術及其產業，而且(qie)在"高精(jing)尖"數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)關鍵技(ji)(ji)術和(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)方面對(dui)(dui)我國(guo)實行封鎖和(he)限制(zhi)政(zheng)策。因(yin)此大力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)以數(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)(ji)術為核(he)心的(de)(de)先(xian)進制(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)術已成為世界各(ge)發(fa)達國(guo)家(jia)加(jia)速(su)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、提(ti)(ti)高綜合(he)國(guo)力(li)(li)和(he)國(guo)家(jia)地位的(de)(de)重(zhong)要途徑。